什么是“一次调频”，什么是“二次调频”？
所谓“一次调频”通常是指发电机的调速器，而“二次调频”是指当“一次调频”不满足要求时，发电机调频器进行的频率调节。 原动机阀开度的相应调节的调节通过速度控制系统实现，这称为频率调节。
响应于系统频率变化而对原动机的气门开度进行调节是通过调频器实现的，这称为频率的二次调节。
一种调频：
When each unit is connected to the grid, affected by external load changes, the frequency of the power grid changes.当每个单元连接到电网时，受外部负载的影响，电网频率也会变化。 At this time, the adjustment system of each unit participates in the adjustment function, changing the load carried by each unit, and making it balanced with the external load.此时，每个单元的调节系统参与调节功能，改变每个单元所承载的负载，并使其与外部负载平衡。 At the same time, we also try our best.同时，我们也尽力而为。 Reduce the change of the grid frequency, this process is a frequency modulation.减少电网频率的变化，这个过程就是调频。
第二调频：
Primary frequency modulation is a differential adjustment, which cannot maintain the grid frequency unchanged, but can only ease the degree of change of the grid frequency.初级频率调制是一种差分调整，它不能保持电网频率不变，而只能缓解电网频率的变化程度。 Therefore, it is necessary to use synchronizers to increase and decelerate the load of some units to restore the grid frequency.因此，有必要使用同步器来增加和减少某些单元的负载以恢复电网频率。 This process is called secondary FM.此过程称为辅助FM。
Only after the second frequency modulation, the grid frequency can accurately maintain a constant value.只有在第二次调频之后，电网频率才能准确地保持恒定值。 There are currently two methods for secondary frequency modulation:当前有两种用于二次频率调制的方法：
1.整体调整命令工厂调整负荷。
2，机组采用AGC模式，实现机组的自动负荷调度
Simply put, primary frequency regulation means that the steam turbine speed regulation system should adjust the unit load to restore the grid frequency spontaneously according to the changes in the grid frequency.简而言之，一次频率调节意味着蒸汽轮机调速系统应根据电网频率的变化来调节单位负载以自发地恢复电网频率。 The secondary frequency regulation is artificially adjust the unit load according to the grid frequency.二次调频是根据电网频率人为地调节机组负荷。
一次调频和二次调频
电网调频的基本概念
One of the main tasks of power system operation is to control the grid frequency-control the grid frequency within an allowable range around 50Hz.电力系统运行的主要任务之一是控制电网频率，将电网频率控制在50Hz左右的允许范围内。 The reason why the grid frequency deviates from the rated value of 50Hz is caused by the breakdown of the balance between the power supply on the energy side (hydropower, thermal power, nuclear power...) and the power used on the load side.电网频率偏离额定值XNUMXHz的原因是由于能源侧的电源（水电，火电，核电...）和负载侧的电源之间的平衡失灵。 The electrical power of the load is constantly changing.负载的电力不断变化。 Therefore, the essence of the frequency control of the grid is: according to the direction and value of the grid frequency deviating from XNUMXHz, real-time online through the speed regulation system of the generator set and the automatic power generation control system (AGC) of the grid, Adjust the power supply on the energy side to adapt to changes in the power consumption on the load side to achieve the balance of power generation/utilization of the grid, so that the grid frequency is controlled by the power grid through its own frequency/power characteristics of the generator set speed regulation system, which is usually referred to as primary FM.因此，电网频率控制的本质是：根据电网频率偏离XNUMXHz的方向和值，通过发电机组的调速系统和自动发电控制系统（AGC）实时在线调整电网侧的电源，以适应负载侧功耗的变化，以达到电网发电/利用的平衡，使电网频率通过电网的频率来控制发电机组调速系统自身的频率/功率特性，通常称为主调频。 It is mainly realized by the static characteristic F=f(P) and dynamic characteristic (PID regulation law) of the generator set speed control system;它主要由发电机组调速系统的静态特性F = f（P）和动态特性（PID调节律）来实现。
The grid AGC is based on the macro control of the grid, economic operation and grid exchange power control, and other factors, to the relevant unit speed regulation system to issue the corresponding unit's target (planned) power value, thereby generating power/frequency control within the grid ( LFC), called the second frequency modulation.电网AGC是基于电网的宏观控制，经济运行和电网交换功率控制等因素，向相关机组调速系统发布相应机组的目标（计划）功率值，从而产生功率/频率控制在电网内（LFC），称为二次调频。 The rate is restored to an allowable range around 50 Hz.速率恢复到XNUMX Hz左右的允许范围。
Generator set speed regulation system primary frequency regulation static characteristics Unit original working condition: point A on static characteristic curve 1 (Pc1): unit target power: Pc1;发电机组调速系统一次调频静态特性机组原始工作状态：静态特性曲线1（Pc1）上的A点：机组目标功率：PcXNUMX； unit actual power: PXNUMX;单位实际功率：PXNUMX； unit frequency: fXNUMX;单位频率：fXNUMX； speed control system adjustment coefficient (speed Rate of change): ep.速度控制系统调节系数（速度变化率）：ep。
电网中存在电力短缺，将其转换为正在讨论的单元：电力短缺：P3-P1；
Primary frequency regulation Function: grid power shortage will cause the grid frequency to decrease.一次频率调节功能：电网功率不足会导致电网频率降低。 If no regulation is carried out, the frequency should be reduced to f3 according to static characteristic curve 1 (Pc1).如果未进行调节，则应根据静态特性曲线XNUMX（PcXNUMX）将频率降低至fXNUMX。
静态频率自调整功能一起起作用，因此所讨论的单元具有附加功率ΔPf= P2-P1，电网频率为f2（静态特性曲线2（Pc1）上的B点）。 即，所讨论的单元与电网中的其他单元一起经历了频率调整，但是电网频率为f2，并且不可能在干扰之前恢复到f1。
The effect of secondary frequency regulation: If the secondary frequency regulation of the grid modifies the target power of the unit under discussion from Pc1 to Pc2, the static characteristics of the unit speed control system will change from characteristic curve 1 (Pc1) to characteristic curve 2 (Pc2).次级频率调节的影响：如果电网的次级频率调节将讨论中的单元的目标功率从Pc2更改为Pc2，则单元速度控制系统的静态特性将从特性曲线2（Pc3）变为特性曲线1（Pc1）。 The final adjustment result is point C on characteristic curve XNUMX (PcXNUMX): speed adjustment system adjustment coefficient (speed variation rate) ep, unit target power PcXNUMX, unit actual power PXNUMX, unit frequency fXNUMX;最终的调节结果为特性曲线XNUMX（PcXNUMX）上的C点：调速系统调节系数（速度变化率）ep，单位目标功率PcXNUMX，单位实际功率PXNUMX，单位频率fXNUMX。 the power shortage of the grid is compensated, and the system The frequency also returns to the value fXNUMX before the disturbance.电网的电力短缺得到补偿，系统的频率在干扰之前也返回到值fXNUMX。 Obviously, the self-regulation of the grid load frequency (primary frequency modulation) only works during the adjustment process.显然，电网负载频率的自调节（主频率调制）仅在调节过程中有效。
综上所述，在电网负载扰动后，电网频率将发生偏差，各单元的调速系统将根据频率偏差Δf和（功率）调整系数ep对频率进行调整。相对较快的时间（8至15秒）内部补偿了系统的部分功率差异； 电网的一次发电控制（AGC，二次变频）在一次调频的基础上，对相关单元的目标功率值Pc进行校正，并通过调速系统的P
一次调频的主要性能指标如下：
1.速度变化率，即永久滑移系数bp，范围从0到10％，并且实际值和设定值之间的相对偏差小于5％。
2.永久滑动特性曲线的非线性误差小于5％。
3.速度控制系统的延迟率，即速度的死区，小于0.04％。
0.001±4。 本机参与一次调频的盲区范围为0.500±Hz〜Hz。 分辨率0.001Hz
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